Infrastructure SEO complète : sitemap, meta descriptions, OG, Twitter Cards, JSON-LD, hreflang

- Ajout de site: 'https://jalil.arfaoui.net' et @astrojs/sitemap avec support i18n dans astro.config.mjs
- Création de src/components/SEO.astro : meta description, canonical, Open Graph, Twitter Cards, hreflang (fr/en/ar/x-default), JSON-LD Person (11 liens sameAs) sur chaque page et JSON-LD WebSite sur les pages d'accueil
- Création de src/utils/page-translations.ts : mapping centralisé des URLs entre langues
- Fix lang="en" hardcodé dans main.astro → lang dynamique + dir="rtl" pour l'arabe
- Ajout de meta descriptions ciblées sur les 13 pages principales (FR/EN/AR)
- Refactorisation du LanguageSwitcher pour utiliser le mapping centralisé
- Ajout de la directive Sitemap dans robots.txt

astro.config.mjs

@@ -1,11 +1,25 @@
 import { defineConfig } from "astro/config";
 
+import sitemap from "@astrojs/sitemap";
 import tailwind from "@astrojs/tailwind";
 
 // https://astro.build/config
 export default defineConfig({
+	site: "https://jalil.arfaoui.net",
 	devToolbar: { enabled: false },
-	integrations: [tailwind()],
+	integrations: [
+		tailwind(),
+		sitemap({
+			i18n: {
+				defaultLocale: "fr",
+				locales: {
+					fr: "fr",
+					en: "en",
+					ar: "ar",
+				},
+			},
+		}),
+	],
 	redirects: {
 		"/photos": {
 			status: 301,

package-lock.json

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 		"": {
 			"name": "jalil.arfaoui.net",
 			"version": "0.0.1",
+			"dependencies": {
+				"@astrojs/rss": "^4.0.15",
+				"@astrojs/sitemap": "^3.7.0"
+			},
 			"devDependencies": {
 				"@astrojs/check": "^0.9.6",
 				"@astrojs/tailwind": "^6.0.2",
@@ -152,6 +156,57 @@
 				"node": "18.20.8 || ^20.3.0 || >=22.0.0"
 			}
 		},
+		"node_modules/@astrojs/rss": {
+			"version": "4.0.15",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@astrojs/rss/-/rss-4.0.15.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-uXO/k6AhRkIDXmRoc6xQpoPZrimQNUmS43X4+60yunfuMNHtSRN5e/FiSi7NApcZqmugSMc5+cJi8ovqgO+qIg==",
+			"license": "MIT",
+			"dependencies": {
+				"fast-xml-parser": "^5.3.3",
+				"piccolore": "^0.1.3"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@astrojs/rss/node_modules/fast-xml-parser": {
+			"version": "5.3.7",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/fast-xml-parser/-/fast-xml-parser-5.3.7.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-JzVLro9NQv92pOM/jTCR6mHlJh2FGwtomH8ZQjhFj/R29P2Fnj38OgPJVtcvYw6SuKClhgYuwUZf5b3rd8u2mA==",
+			"funding": [
+				{
+					"type": "github",
+					"url": "https://github.com/sponsors/NaturalIntelligence"
+				}
+			],
+			"license": "MIT",
+			"dependencies": {
+				"strnum": "^2.1.2"
+			},
+			"bin": {
+				"fxparser": "src/cli/cli.js"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/@astrojs/rss/node_modules/strnum": {
+			"version": "2.1.2",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/strnum/-/strnum-2.1.2.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-l63NF9y/cLROq/yqKXSLtcMeeyOfnSQlfMSlzFt/K73oIaD8DGaQWd7Z34X9GPiKqP5rbSh84Hl4bOlLcjiSrQ==",
+			"funding": [
+				{
+					"type": "github",
+					"url": "https://github.com/sponsors/NaturalIntelligence"
+				}
+			],
+			"license": "MIT"
+		},
+		"node_modules/@astrojs/sitemap": {
+			"version": "3.7.0",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@astrojs/sitemap/-/sitemap-3.7.0.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-+qxjUrz6Jcgh+D5VE1gKUJTA3pSthuPHe6Ao5JCxok794Lewx8hBFaWHtOnN0ntb2lfOf7gvOi9TefUswQ/ZVA==",
+			"license": "MIT",
+			"dependencies": {
+				"sitemap": "^8.0.2",
+				"stream-replace-string": "^2.0.0",
+				"zod": "^3.25.76"
+			}
+		},
 		"node_modules/@astrojs/tailwind": {
 			"version": "6.0.2",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@astrojs/tailwind/-/tailwind-6.0.2.tgz",
@@ -2049,13 +2104,20 @@
 			"version": "25.0.3",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-25.0.3.tgz",
 			"integrity": "sha512-W609buLVRVmeW693xKfzHeIV6nJGGz98uCPfeXI1ELMLXVeKYZ9m15fAMSaUPBHYLGFsVRcMmSCksQOrZV9BYA==",
-			"dev": true,
 			"license": "MIT",
-			"peer": true,
 			"dependencies": {
 				"undici-types": "~7.16.0"
 			}
 		},
+		"node_modules/@types/sax": {
+			"version": "1.2.7",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/sax/-/sax-1.2.7.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-rO73L89PJxeYM3s3pPPjiPgVVcymqU490g0YO5n5By0k2Erzj6tay/4lr1CHAAU4JyOWd1rpQ8bCf6cZfHU96A==",
+			"license": "MIT",
+			"dependencies": {
+				"@types/node": "*"
+			}
+		},
 		"node_modules/@types/unist": {
 			"version": "3.0.3",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/unist/-/unist-3.0.3.tgz",
@@ -2333,7 +2395,6 @@
 			"version": "5.0.2",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/arg/-/arg-5.0.2.tgz",
 			"integrity": "sha512-PYjyFOLKQ9y57JvQ6QLo8dAgNqswh8M1RMJYdQduT6xbWSgK36P/Z/v+p888pM69jMMfS8Xd8F6I1kQ/I9HUGg==",
-			"dev": true,
 			"license": "MIT"
 		},
 		"node_modules/argparse": {
@@ -6044,7 +6105,6 @@
 			"version": "0.1.3",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/piccolore/-/piccolore-0.1.3.tgz",
 			"integrity": "sha512-o8bTeDWjE086iwKrROaDf31K0qC/BENdm15/uH9usSC/uZjJOKb2YGiVHfLY4GhwsERiPI1jmwI2XrA7ACOxVw==",
-			"dev": true,
 			"license": "ISC"
 		},
 		"node_modules/picocolors": {
@@ -6772,7 +6832,6 @@
 			"version": "1.4.4",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sax/-/sax-1.4.4.tgz",
 			"integrity": "sha512-1n3r/tGXO6b6VXMdFT54SHzT9ytu9yr7TaELowdYpMqY/Ao7EnlQGmAQ1+RatX7Tkkdm6hONI2owqNx2aZj5Sw==",
-			"dev": true,
 			"license": "BlueOak-1.0.0",
 			"engines": {
 				"node": ">=11.0.0"
@@ -6861,6 +6920,31 @@
 			"dev": true,
 			"license": "MIT"
 		},
+		"node_modules/sitemap": {
+			"version": "8.0.2",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sitemap/-/sitemap-8.0.2.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-LwktpJcyZDoa0IL6KT++lQ53pbSrx2c9ge41/SeLTyqy2XUNA6uR4+P9u5IVo5lPeL2arAcOKn1aZAxoYbCKlQ==",
+			"license": "MIT",
+			"dependencies": {
+				"@types/node": "^17.0.5",
+				"@types/sax": "^1.2.1",
+				"arg": "^5.0.0",
+				"sax": "^1.4.1"
+			},
+			"bin": {
+				"sitemap": "dist/cli.js"
+			},
+			"engines": {
+				"node": ">=14.0.0",
+				"npm": ">=6.0.0"
+			}
+		},
+		"node_modules/sitemap/node_modules/@types/node": {
+			"version": "17.0.45",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-17.0.45.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-w+tIMs3rq2afQdsPJlODhoUEKzFP1ayaoyl1CcnwtIlsVe7K7bA1NGm4s3PraqTLlXnbIN84zuBlxBWo1u9BLw==",
+			"license": "MIT"
+		},
 		"node_modules/smol-toml": {
 			"version": "1.6.0",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/smol-toml/-/smol-toml-1.6.0.tgz",
@@ -6895,6 +6979,12 @@
 				"url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
 			}
 		},
+		"node_modules/stream-replace-string": {
+			"version": "2.0.0",
+			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/stream-replace-string/-/stream-replace-string-2.0.0.tgz",
+			"integrity": "sha512-TlnjJ1C0QrmxRNrON00JvaFFlNh5TTG00APw23j74ET7gkQpTASi6/L2fuiav8pzK715HXtUeClpBTw2NPSn6w==",
+			"license": "MIT"
+		},
 		"node_modules/string-width": {
 			"version": "7.2.0",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-7.2.0.tgz",
@@ -7811,7 +7901,6 @@
 			"version": "7.16.0",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-7.16.0.tgz",
 			"integrity": "sha512-Zz+aZWSj8LE6zoxD+xrjh4VfkIG8Ya6LvYkZqtUQGJPZjYl53ypCaUwWqo7eI0x66KBGeRo+mlBEkMSeSZ38Nw==",
-			"dev": true,
 			"license": "MIT"
 		},
 		"node_modules/unified": {
@@ -8848,7 +8937,6 @@
 			"version": "3.25.76",
 			"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/zod/-/zod-3.25.76.tgz",
 			"integrity": "sha512-gzUt/qt81nXsFGKIFcC3YnfEAx5NkunCfnDlvuBSSFS02bcXu4Lmea0AFIUwbLWxWPx3d9p8S5QoaujKcNQxcQ==",
-			"dev": true,
 			"license": "MIT",
 			"peer": true,
 			"funding": {

package.json

@@ -24,5 +24,9 @@
 		"tsx": "^4.21.0",
 		"typescript": "^5.7.3",
 		"webdav": "^5.8.0"
+	},
+	"dependencies": {
+		"@astrojs/rss": "^4.0.15",
+		"@astrojs/sitemap": "^3.7.0"
 	}
 }

public/robots.txt

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 User-agent: *
-Allow: /
+Allow: /
+
+Sitemap: https://jalil.arfaoui.net/sitemap-index.xml

src/components/LanguageSwitcher.astro

@@ -1,70 +1,23 @@
 ---
-// Mapping des URLs entre langues
+import { getAlternateUrls } from "../utils/page-translations";
-const translations: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
-  '/a-propos': {
-    fr: '/a-propos',
-    en: '/en/about',
-    ar: '/ar/نبذة-عني'
-  },
-  '/en/about': {
-    fr: '/a-propos',
-    en: '/en/about',
-    ar: '/ar/نبذة-عني'
-  },
-  '/ar/نبذة-عني': {
-    fr: '/a-propos',
-    en: '/en/about',
-    ar: '/ar/نبذة-عني'
-  },
-  // Photo
-  '/photo': {
-    fr: '/photo',
-    en: '/en/photo',
-    ar: '/ar/تصوير'
-  },
-  '/en/photo': {
-    fr: '/photo',
-    en: '/en/photo',
-    ar: '/ar/تصوير'
-  },
-  '/ar/تصوير': {
-    fr: '/photo',
-    en: '/en/photo',
-    ar: '/ar/تصوير'
-  },
-  // Page d'accueil
-  '/': {
-    fr: '/',
-    en: '/en',
-    ar: '/ar'
-  },
-  '/en': {
-    fr: '/',
-    en: '/en',
-    ar: '/ar'
-  },
-  '/ar': {
-    fr: '/',
-    en: '/en',
-    ar: '/ar'
-  }
-};
 
-// Détection de la langue courante
+const pathname = Astro.url.pathname.replace(/\/$/, "") || "/";
-const pathname = Astro.url.pathname.replace(/\/$/, '') || '/';
+const currentLang = pathname.startsWith("/en")
-const currentLang = pathname.startsWith('/en') ? 'en' : pathname.startsWith('/ar') ? 'ar' : 'fr';
+  ? "en"
+  : pathname.startsWith("/ar")
+    ? "ar"
+    : "fr";
 
-// Récupération des liens traduits ou fallback vers les pages d'accueil
+const links = getAlternateUrls(pathname) ?? {
-const links = translations[pathname] || {
+  fr: "/",
-  fr: '/',
+  en: "/en",
-  en: '/en',
+  ar: "/ar",
-  ar: '/ar'
 };
 
 const languages = [
-  { code: 'fr', label: 'FR', name: 'Français' },
+  { code: "fr", label: "FR", name: "Français" },
-  { code: 'en', label: 'EN', name: 'English' },
+  { code: "en", label: "EN", name: "English" },
-  { code: 'ar', label: 'ع', name: 'العربية' }
+  { code: "ar", label: "ع", name: "العربية" },
 ];
 ---
 
@@ -78,7 +31,7 @@ const languages = [
         </span>
       ) : (
         <a
-          href={links[lang.code]}
+          href={links[lang.code as keyof typeof links]}
           class="text-gray-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-gray-800 dark:hover:text-neutral-200 transition-colors"
           title={lang.name}
           hreflang={lang.code}
@@ -88,4 +41,4 @@ const languages = [
       )}
     </>
   ))}
-</div>
+</div>

src/components/SEO.astro

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+---
+import type { ImageMetadata } from "astro";
+import { getAlternateUrls } from "../utils/page-translations";
+import defaultOgImage from "../assets/images/jalil-2.jpg";
+
+interface Props {
+  title: string;
+  description: string;
+  ogImage?: ImageMetadata;
+  ogType?: string;
+  article?: { publishedTime?: string; tags?: string[] };
+  noindex?: boolean;
+}
+
+const {
+  title,
+  description,
+  ogImage,
+  ogType = "website",
+  article,
+  noindex = false,
+} = Astro.props;
+
+const siteUrl = Astro.site!.origin;
+const canonicalUrl = new URL(Astro.url.pathname, siteUrl).href;
+const imageUrl = new URL((ogImage ?? defaultOgImage).src, siteUrl).href;
+
+// Locale detection
+const pathname = Astro.url.pathname.replace(/\/$/, "") || "/";
+const locale = pathname.startsWith("/en")
+  ? "en"
+  : pathname.startsWith("/ar")
+    ? "ar"
+    : "fr";
+
+const ogLocaleMap: Record<string, string> = {
+  fr: "fr_FR",
+  en: "en_US",
+  ar: "ar_SA",
+};
+
+// Hreflang
+const alternateUrls = getAlternateUrls(pathname);
+
+// Home pages for WebSite schema
+const isHomePage = pathname === "/" || pathname === "/en" || pathname === "/ar";
+
+// Person JSON-LD (on every page)
+const personJsonLd = {
+  "@context": "https://schema.org",
+  "@type": "Person",
+  "@id": `${siteUrl}/#person`,
+  name: "Jalil Arfaoui",
+  url: siteUrl,
+  image: imageUrl,
+  jobTitle: "Software Craftsman",
+  knowsAbout: [
+    "Software Craftsmanship",
+    "TDD",
+    "DDD",
+    "Improv Theater",
+    "Photography",
+  ],
+  sameAs: [
+    "https://www.linkedin.com/in/jalil/",
+    "https://github.com/JalilArfaoui",
+    "https://gitlab.gnome.org/Jalil",
+    "https://forge.tiqa.fr/jalil",
+    "https://framagit.org/jalil",
+    "https://www.malt.fr/profile/jalilarfaoui?overview",
+    "https://www.collective.work/profile/jalil-arfaoui-mrr",
+    "https://500px.com/p/jalilarfaoui",
+    "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:JalilArfaoui",
+    "https://www.instagram.com/l.i.l.a.j",
+    "https://x.com/jalilarfaoui",
+  ],
+};
+
+// WebSite JSON-LD (only on home pages)
+const websiteJsonLd = isHomePage
+  ? {
+      "@context": "https://schema.org",
+      "@type": "WebSite",
+      name: "Jalil Arfaoui",
+      url: siteUrl,
+      inLanguage: locale,
+      author: { "@id": `${siteUrl}/#person` },
+    }
+  : null;
+---
+
+<!-- Meta tags -->
+<meta name="description" content={description} />
+<link rel="canonical" href={canonicalUrl} />
+{noindex && <meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow" />}
+
+<!-- Open Graph -->
+<meta property="og:title" content={title} />
+<meta property="og:description" content={description} />
+<meta property="og:url" content={canonicalUrl} />
+<meta property="og:image" content={imageUrl} />
+<meta property="og:type" content={ogType} />
+<meta property="og:locale" content={ogLocaleMap[locale]} />
+<meta property="og:site_name" content="Jalil Arfaoui" />
+{article?.publishedTime && (
+  <meta property="article:published_time" content={article.publishedTime} />
+)}
+{article?.tags?.map((tag) => (
+  <meta property="article:tag" content={tag} />
+))}
+
+<!-- Twitter Card -->
+<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
+<meta name="twitter:site" content="@jalilarfaoui" />
+<meta name="twitter:title" content={title} />
+<meta name="twitter:description" content={description} />
+<meta name="twitter:image" content={imageUrl} />
+
+<!-- Hreflang -->
+{alternateUrls && (
+  <>
+    <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href={new URL(alternateUrls.fr, siteUrl).href} />
+    <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href={new URL(alternateUrls.en, siteUrl).href} />
+    <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href={new URL(alternateUrls.ar, siteUrl).href} />
+    <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href={new URL(alternateUrls.fr, siteUrl).href} />
+  </>
+)}
+
+<!-- JSON-LD Person -->
+<script type="application/ld+json" set:html={JSON.stringify(personJsonLd)} />
+
+<!-- JSON-LD WebSite (home pages only) -->
+{websiteJsonLd && (
+  <script type="application/ld+json" set:html={JSON.stringify(websiteJsonLd)} />
+)}

src/layouts/PhotoLayout.astro

@@ -1,14 +1,21 @@
 ---
 import PhotoFooter from '../components/photo/PhotoFooter.astro';
+import SEO from '../components/SEO.astro';
 import type { Locale } from '../utils/i18n';
 
 interface Props {
   title?: string;
+  description?: string;
   enableScroll?: boolean;
   lang?: Locale;
 }
 
-const { title = "Galerie Photo - Jalil Arfaoui", enableScroll = false, lang = 'fr' } = Astro.props;
+const {
+  title = "Galerie Photo - Jalil Arfaoui",
+  description = "Portfolio photo de Jalil Arfaoui. Portraits, paysages, cultures, musique, nature.",
+  enableScroll = false,
+  lang = 'fr',
+} = Astro.props;
 ---
 
 <!doctype html>
@@ -17,6 +24,7 @@ const { title = "Galerie Photo - Jalil Arfaoui", enableScroll = false, lang = 'f
     <meta charset="UTF-8" />
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
     <title>{title}</title>
+    <SEO title={title} description={description} />
     
     <!-- Google Fonts - Karla -->
     <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
@@ -29,6 +37,7 @@ const { title = "Galerie Photo - Jalil Arfaoui", enableScroll = false, lang = 'f
     </script>
     
     <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/assets/images/favicon.png" />
+    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Jalil Arfaoui — Photo Blog" href="/rss.xml" />
     <!-- Privacy-friendly analytics by Plausible -->
     <script is:inline async src="https://plausible.io/js/pa-fP2pF1VtXKDIjQczHCynl.js"></script>
     <script is:inline>

src/layouts/main.astro

@@ -2,15 +2,34 @@
 import Footer from "../components/footer.astro";
 import Header from "../components/header.astro";
 import SquareLines from "../components/square-lines.astro";
-const { title, facet } = Astro.props;
+import SEO from "../components/SEO.astro";
+
+interface Props {
+  title: string;
+  facet?: string;
+  description?: string;
+  ogImage?: import("astro").ImageMetadata;
+  ogType?: string;
+  article?: { publishedTime?: string; tags?: string[] };
+}
+
+const { title, facet, description = "", ogImage, ogType, article } = Astro.props;
+
+const pathname = Astro.url.pathname.replace(/\/$/, "") || "/";
+const locale = pathname.startsWith("/en")
+  ? "en"
+  : pathname.startsWith("/ar")
+    ? "ar"
+    : "fr";
 ---
 
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
+<html lang={locale} dir={locale === "ar" ? "rtl" : "ltr"}>
   <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8" />
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
     <title>{title}</title>
+    {description && <SEO title={title} description={description} ogImage={ogImage} ogType={ogType} article={article} />}
 
     <!-- Used to add dark mode right away, adding here prevents any flicker -->
     <script is:inline>
@@ -71,6 +90,7 @@ const { title, facet } = Astro.props;
       }
     </style>
     <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/assets/images/favicon.png" />
+    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Jalil Arfaoui — Photo Blog" href="/rss.xml" />
     <script src="../assets/css/main.css"></script>
     <!-- Privacy-friendly analytics by Plausible -->
     <script is:inline async src="https://plausible.io/js/pa-fP2pF1VtXKDIjQczHCynl.js"></script>

src/layouts/post.astro

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ import Layout from "./main.astro";
 const { frontmatter } = Astro.props;
 ---
 
-<Layout title={frontmatter.title}>
+<Layout
+  title={frontmatter.title}
+  description={frontmatter.description || ""}
+  ogType={frontmatter.description ? "article" : undefined}
+>
   <main
     class="relative z-30 max-w-4xl pb-1 mx-auto mt-10 bg-white dark:bg-neutral-950 md:rounded-t-md text-neutral-900"
   >

src/pages/a-propos.astro

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import Link from "../components/Link.astro";
 import jalilPhoto from "../assets/images/jalil.jpg";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="À propos - Jalil Arfaoui">
+<Layout
+  title="À propos - Jalil Arfaoui"
+  description="Qui est Jalil Arfaoui ? Développeur artisan, comédien improvisateur et photographe. Plus de 20 ans d'expérience en développement logiciel."
+>
   <section class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="À propos"

src/pages/ar/index.astro

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import Layout from "../../layouts/main.astro";
 import jalilPhoto from "../../assets/images/jalil-2.jpg";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="جليل عرفاوي - حِرَفي برمجة • ممثل ارتجالي • مصوّر">
+<Layout
+  title="جليل عرفاوي - حِرَفي برمجة • ممثل ارتجالي • مصوّر"
+  description="جليل عرفاوي: مطوّر مستقل (Software Craftsmanship، TDD، DDD)، ممثل ارتجالي ومصوّر مقيم في ألبي، فرنسا."
+>
   <!-- Hero Section -->
   <div dir="rtl" lang="ar" class="relative z-20 w-full max-w-6xl mx-auto mt-16 px-7 md:mt-24 lg:mt-32 xl:px-0">
     <div class="flex flex-col items-center md:flex-row-reverse">

src/pages/ar/برمجة.astro

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link.astro";
 import logoTiqa from "../../assets/images/logo-tiqa-blanc.png";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="برمجة - جليل عرفاوي" facet="code">
+<Layout
+  title="برمجة - جليل عرفاوي"
+  facet="code"
+  description="المسار المهني لجليل عرفاوي: مطوّر مستقل متخصص في Software Craftsmanship، TDD، DDD. TypeScript، PHP، Elixir."
+>
   <section dir="rtl" lang="ar" class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="برمجة"

src/pages/ar/مسرح.astro

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import Layout from "../../layouts/main.astro";
 import Link from "../../components/Link.astro";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="مسرح - جليل عرفاوي">
+<Layout
+  title="مسرح - جليل عرفاوي"
+  description="المسار المسرحي لجليل عرفاوي: ممثل ارتجالي منذ 2008، مؤسس مشارك لفرقة Les Particules في ألبي، ممثل مسرح مكتوب."
+>
   <section dir="rtl" lang="ar" class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="مسرح"

src/pages/ar/نبذة-عني.astro

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link.astro";
 import jalilPhoto from "../../assets/images/jalil.jpg";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="نبذة عني - جليل عرفاوي">
+<Layout
+  title="نبذة عني - جليل عرفاوي"
+  description="من هو جليل عرفاوي؟ مطوّر حِرَفي، ممثل ارتجالي ومصوّر. أكثر من 20 عامًا من الخبرة في تطوير البرمجيات."
+>
   <section dir="rtl" lang="ar" class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="نبذة عني"

src/pages/code.astro

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ import Link from "../components/Link.astro";
 import logoTiqa from "../assets/images/logo-tiqa-blanc.png";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="Code - Jalil Arfaoui" facet="code">
+<Layout
+  title="Code - Jalil Arfaoui"
+  facet="code"
+  description="Parcours professionnel de Jalil Arfaoui : développeur freelance spécialisé en Software Craftsmanship, TDD, DDD. TypeScript, PHP, Elixir."
+>
   <section class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="Code"

src/pages/en/about.astro

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link.astro";
 import jalilPhoto from "../../assets/images/jalil.jpg";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="About - Jalil Arfaoui">
+<Layout
+  title="About - Jalil Arfaoui"
+  description="Who is Jalil Arfaoui? Software craftsman, improv actor and photographer. Over 20 years of experience in software development."
+>
   <section class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="About"

src/pages/en/acting.astro

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import Layout from "../../layouts/main.astro";
 import Link from "../../components/Link.astro";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="Acting - Jalil Arfaoui">
+<Layout
+  title="Acting - Jalil Arfaoui"
+  description="Jalil Arfaoui's theater journey: improv actor since 2008, co-founder of Les Particules in Albi, scripted theater actor."
+>
   <section class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="Acting"

src/pages/en/code.astro

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ import Link from "../../components/Link.astro";
 import logoTiqa from "../../assets/images/logo-tiqa-blanc.png";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="Code - Jalil Arfaoui" facet="code">
+<Layout
+  title="Code - Jalil Arfaoui"
+  facet="code"
+  description="Jalil Arfaoui's professional journey: freelance developer specializing in Software Craftsmanship, TDD, DDD. TypeScript, PHP, Elixir."
+>
   <section class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="Code"

src/pages/en/index.astro

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import Layout from "../../layouts/main.astro";
 import jalilPhoto from "../../assets/images/jalil-2.jpg";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="Jalil Arfaoui - Software Craftsman • Improv Actor • Photographer">
+<Layout
+  title="Jalil Arfaoui - Software Craftsman • Improv Actor • Photographer"
+  description="Jalil Arfaoui: freelance developer (Software Craftsmanship, TDD, DDD), improv actor and photographer based in Albi, France."
+>
   <!-- Hero Section -->
   <div class="relative z-20 w-full max-w-6xl mx-auto mt-16 px-7 md:mt-24 lg:mt-32 xl:px-0">
     <div class="flex flex-col items-center md:flex-row">

src/pages/index.astro

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import Layout from "../layouts/main.astro";
 import jalilPhoto from "../assets/images/jalil-2.jpg";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="Jalil Arfaoui - Développeur artisan • Comédien improvisateur • Photographe">
+<Layout
+  title="Jalil Arfaoui - Développeur artisan • Comédien improvisateur • Photographe"
+  description="Jalil Arfaoui : développeur freelance (Software Craftsmanship, TDD, DDD), comédien improvisateur et photographe basé à Albi."
+>
   <!-- Hero Section -->
   <div class="relative z-20 w-full max-w-6xl mx-auto mt-16 px-7 md:mt-24 lg:mt-32 xl:px-0">
     <div class="flex flex-col items-center md:flex-row">

src/pages/theatre.astro

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import Layout from "../layouts/main.astro";
 import Link from "../components/Link.astro";
 ---
 
-<Layout title="Théâtre - Jalil Arfaoui">
+<Layout
+  title="Théâtre - Jalil Arfaoui"
+  description="Parcours théâtral de Jalil Arfaoui : improvisateur depuis 2008, cofondateur des Particules à Albi, comédien de théâtre écrit."
+>
   <section class="relative z-20 max-w-2xl mx-auto my-12 px-7 lg:px-0">
     <PageHeading
       title="Théâtre"

src/utils/page-translations.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { Locale } from "./i18n";
+
+/**
+ * Groupes de pages traduites.
+ * Chaque groupe contient les URLs correspondantes pour chaque langue.
+ */
+const translationGroups: Record<Locale, string>[] = [
+	{ fr: "/", en: "/en", ar: "/ar" },
+	{ fr: "/a-propos", en: "/en/about", ar: "/ar/نبذة-عني" },
+	{ fr: "/code", en: "/en/code", ar: "/ar/برمجة" },
+	{ fr: "/theatre", en: "/en/acting", ar: "/ar/مسرح" },
+	{ fr: "/photo", en: "/en/photo", ar: "/ar/تصوير" },
+];
+
+/** Index inversé : pathname → groupe de traduction */
+const pathIndex = new Map<string, Record<Locale, string>>();
+for (const group of translationGroups) {
+	for (const path of Object.values(group)) {
+		pathIndex.set(path, group);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Retourne les URLs alternatives pour un pathname donné.
+ * Les trailing slashes sont normalisés.
+ */
+export function getAlternateUrls(
+	pathname: string,
+): Record<Locale, string> | undefined {
+	const normalized = pathname.replace(/\/$/, "") || "/";
+	return pathIndex.get(normalized);
+}